Fundamental analysis is a method of valuing a financial instrument by studying the factors that drive its worth. Those factors include earnings, revenue, interest rates, inflation, economic growth, central bank policy, supply and demand, and industry conditions.
Fundamental analysis explains why a market may rise or fall. A stock trader reads company financial statements and earnings reports, while a forex trader tracks interest rates, inflation, employment data, and central bank decisions.
Fundamental analysis asks what an instrument is worth; technical analysis asks where its price is heading from chart patterns, price action, and indicators. Fundamental analysis points to broader direction and the major price drivers, and many traders pair it with technical analysis to time entries and confirm setups.
You analyse the US dollar before a Federal Reserve interest rate decision.
US inflation is high, employment data is strong, and the Federal Reserve signals that interest rates may stay elevated.
From this you expect stronger demand for the US dollar, because higher interest rates can make dollar-denominated assets more attractive.