Book value is the net value of a company or an asset as recorded in the accounts. For a company, it is total assets minus total liabilities, the figure that would in theory remain for shareholders once debts were settled.
Book value appears on the balance sheet and is the basis for shareholders' equity. It is built from historical cost and accounting adjustments rather than current prices, so it records what was paid and written down over time, not what the market would pay today.
Book value sits between two related figures. Market value is the price the market currently puts on the company or asset, which can run well above or below book value for a brand-heavy or fast-growing business. Intrinsic value is an analyst's estimate of what the company is truly worth, based on expected future earnings. Investors compare all three before they judge whether a price is cheap or expensive.
A company holds USD 1 million in total assets and USD 400,000 in total liabilities.
Book value is assets minus liabilities:
USD 1,000,000 - USD 400,000 = USD 600,000
The company has a book value of USD 600,000.