British Pound trades flat as cooling UK inflation, Iran tensions cap upside

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GBP/USD flatlines near 1.3435 in Thursday’s Asian session.
The headline UK CPI slowed sharply to 2.8% YoY in April from 3.3% in March, missing the forecast.
Trump said negotiations with Iran are in the final stages but warned of attacks if the deal fails.

The GBP/USD pair holds steady around 1.3435 during the Asian trading hours on Thursday. However, a sharp slowdown in UK inflation and uncertainty surrounding US–Iran talks could weigh on the British Pound (GBP) against the US Dollar (USD). Traders await the preliminary readings of the Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) for May from the UK and the US, which are due later on Thursday.

The UK headline Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation eased to 2.8% over the year in April from 3.3% in March, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) showed on Wednesday. This figure came in softer than the expectation of 3.0%. Additionally, the core CPI, excluding volatile food and energy items, rose 2.5% year-over-year in April, versus 3.1% prior and below the market consensus of 2.6%.

This UK inflation data, combined with an unexpected rise in the Unemployment Rate to 5.0%, prompted traders to scale back expectations for future Bank of England (BoE) rate hikes by December. UK rate futures pointed to around 52 basis points (bps) of BoE policy tightening by December, versus about 60 bps on Tuesday, according to Reuters.

US President Donald Trump said on Wednesday that negotiations with Iran were in the final stages, while warning of further attacks unless Iran agrees to a deal. Meanwhile, Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian stated that Tehran was not on the brink of giving in and threatened to retaliate for any strikes with attacks beyond the Middle East. Ongoing tensions between the US and Iran could lift the Greenback and act as a headwind for the major pair in the near term.

Pound Sterling FAQs

What is the Pound Sterling?

The Pound Sterling (GBP) is the oldest currency in the world (886 AD) and the official currency of the United Kingdom. It is the fourth most traded unit for foreign exchange (FX) in the world, accounting for 12% of all transactions, averaging $630 billion a day, according to 2022 data. Its key trading pairs are GBP/USD, also known as ‘Cable’, which accounts for 11% of FX, GBP/JPY, or the ‘Dragon’ as it is known by traders (3%), and EUR/GBP (2%). The Pound Sterling is issued by the Bank of England (BoE).

How do the decisions of the Bank of England impact on the Pound Sterling?

The single most important factor influencing the value of the Pound Sterling is monetary policy decided by the Bank of England. The BoE bases its decisions on whether it has achieved its primary goal of “price stability” – a steady inflation rate of around 2%. Its primary tool for achieving this is the adjustment of interest rates. When inflation is too high, the BoE will try to rein it in by raising interest rates, making it more expensive for people and businesses to access credit. This is generally positive for GBP, as higher interest rates make the UK a more attractive place for global investors to park their money. When inflation falls too low it is a sign economic growth is slowing. In this scenario, the BoE will consider lowering interest rates to cheapen credit so businesses will borrow more to invest in growth-generating projects.

How does economic data influence the value of the Pound?

Data releases gauge the health of the economy and can impact the value of the Pound Sterling. Indicators such as GDP, Manufacturing and Services PMIs, and employment can all influence the direction of the GBP. A strong economy is good for Sterling. Not only does it attract more foreign investment but it may encourage the BoE to put up interest rates, which will directly strengthen GBP. Otherwise, if economic data is weak, the Pound Sterling is likely to fall.

How does the Trade Balance impact the Pound?

Another significant data release for the Pound Sterling is the Trade Balance. This indicator measures the difference between what a country earns from its exports and what it spends on imports over a given period. If a country produces highly sought-after exports, its currency will benefit purely from the extra demand created from foreign buyers seeking to purchase these goods. Therefore, a positive net Trade Balance strengthens a currency and vice versa for a negative balance.